Chaotic and Bi-Stable Pendulum Energy Harvesters for Ultra Low-Frequency Ocean Waves

Objective

The WAVEHARVEST project advances ocean-based renewable energy by developing a novel bi-stable chaotic pendulum harvester to power Ocean Internet of Things (OIoT) devices. Oceans, covering over 70% of Earth’s surface, are an abundant yet under-exploited renewable source, offering higher energy density and longer availability than wind or solar. However, marine sensors and data buoys, vital for ocean monitoring and maritime safety, remain constrained by limited energy supply. Batteries demand costly maintenance, while solar and wind recharging are hampered by instability and low efficiency in harsh marine environments. WAVEHARVEST addresses this challenge with an innovative pendulum-based harvester tailored to the ultra-low-frequency ocean wave environment. Its design integrates pendulum dynamics, bi-stable oscillations, and chaotic energy transfer, enabling wide-band harvesting beyond conventional narrow-band resonance. This novel configuration improves energy transfer efficiency and ensures sustained voltage generation under realistic sea conditions. The project combines conceptual design, nonlinear modelling, advanced analytical techniques (CX-A, Melnikov analysis), numerical bifurcation studies, and novel stability-informed optimisation with prototype fabrication and experimental validation at the University of Glasgow and QinetiQ. The outcome will be a compact, efficient prototype at TRL 5, with strong potential for future scaling and commercialisation. By enabling self-powered OIoT devices, WAVEHARVEST supports the UN Sustainable Development Goals, particularly the conservation and sustainable use of oceans, and aligns with the MSCA Green Charter by advancing renewable, low-carbon technologies. The fellowship also offers interdisciplinary and intersectoral training in nonlinear dynamics, energy harvesting, and experimental methods, positioning the Fellow for academic independence and long-term leadership in sustainable energy research.